IN THE NAME OF ALL THE FULL MERCIFUL- AND FULL KINDEST- THE TWELVER SHIA IN MODERN TIMESS-RELIGIOUS CULTRE AND POLITICAL HISTORY-EDITED BY- RAINER BRUNNER AND WERNER ENDE -SOURCE-GOOGLE SCHOLRA Western scholarship on Islam, neither the Shia in general nor Twelver Shiism in particular. With regard to the latter, we should be aware that:

The Shia which the Western world first came to know from direct experience was that of the Fatimids and, somewhat later, the Assassins. It was the Fatimids, not the Twelver Shiis, whom the Crusaders con- fronted as immediate enemies; and though they may well have come across Twelver Shiis in Syria and Palestine, these were neither organ- ized in an independent state like the Fatimids, nor possessed the mys- tical aura of the Assassins. They were therefore much less attractive to Crusader writers.

To some extent, this lack of scholarly interest in Twelver Shiism began to change in the sixteenth century with the establishment in Iran of a dynasty following that creed, the Safawids. However, early generations of Western academic scholars interested in Twelver Shiism found it almost impossible to get hold of original sources. Many of them probably had no idea of the existence and richness of that material. From the early nineteenth century, Western knowledge of Shia Islam increased somewhat, mainly as a result of efforts made by Orientalists in the service of the British in India. The editions and translations published by those scholars consisted mainly of Twelver Shiite works on Islamic law. In due course, Western knowledge of these and other Shiite works was greatly enhanced by the publica- tion in India, Iran and elsewhere of lithographic editions which soon found their way into European libraries. But it was only in the last decades of the nineteenth century that a number of Western scholars, particularly Ignaz Goldziher and Edward G. Browne, started to develop an increased interest in Twelver Shiism. Neither of them, however, became what we would call a specialist in this field. In the case of Goldziher, the lack of adequate Shiite sources and the one- sided reliance on Sunnite works had an evident negative effect on

Kohlberg: "Western Studies", p. 31.

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Netanyahu will not survive "for 10 minutes" If US stops support today: Iran FM

In a recent interview with CNN, former US National Security Advisor John Bolton affirmed his role in coups abroad. The hardliner was an architect of the invIn a recent interview with CNN, former US National Security Advisor John Bolton affirmed his role in coups abroad. The hardliner was an architect of the invasion of Iraq, and most recently, played a role in the attempted coup against Venezuelan President Maduasion of Iraq, and most recently, played a role in the attempted coup against Venezuelan President Madu

In the name f allah- the full merciful andfull feeling beneficent-return me- oh cupbearer ,that I devote  and the lover  of my service- eager to serve and pray for my government-because that the grace is in the cup of your happiness and luckis your shine- you came out and showing darkness of my astonished- even though iam drowing intht depth of sea in a hundres  dimensions and ways-until  I fell in love I became from the mercy tribe- donot blame for the tricks og my infamy- the wise man- that was written part of myfate of my life-gift came from of my nature

Though believers say that the prophet Moses, Paul the Apostle, and God Himself are the main authors who wrote the Bible, the historical evidence is more complicated. Given its immense reach and cultural influence, it"s a bit surprising how little we really know about the Bible"s origins. Who wrote the original Bible?

Most Jews and Christians believed Mosaic authorship until the 17th century. Today, the majority of scholars agree that the Pentateuch does not have a single author, and that its composition took place over centuries-his article is about modern scholarly approaches to the composition of the biblical texts. For traditional teachings, see Biblical inspiration.

usions of the majority of contemporary scholars, along with the traditional views, both Jewish and Christianboth Catholic and Protestant, moved away from the divine dictation model and emphasised the role of the human authors.^[5] As a result, even many conservative scholars now accept, for example, that the Book of Isaiah has multiple authors and that 2 Corinthians is two letters joined.^[6]. e author of the Book of Revelation was traditionally believed to be the same person as both John, the apostle of Jesus and John the Evangelist, the traditional author of the Fourth Gospel - the tradition can be traced to Justin Martyr, writing in the early 2nd century.^[98] Most biblical scholars now believe that these were separate individuals.^[99][100] The name "John" suggests that the author was a Christian of Jewish descent, and although he never explicitly identifies himself as a prophet it is likely that he belonged to a group of Christian prophets and was known as such to members of the churches in Asia Minor. Since the 2nd century the author has been identified with one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. This is commonly linked with an assumption that the same author wrote the Gospel of John. Others, however, have argued that the author could have been John the Elder of Ephesus, a view which depends on whether a tradition cited by Eusebius was referring to someone other than the apostle. The precise identity of "John" therefore remains unknown-.he traditional authors are: Peter the apostle (First and Second Peter); the author of the Gospel of John (First, Second and Third John), writing in advanced age; "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James" (Epistle of Jude); and James the Just, "a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ"he traditional authors are: Peter the apostle (First and Second Peter); the author of the Gospel of John (First, Second and Third John), writing in advanced age; "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James" (Epistle of Jude); and James the Just, "a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (James) (James)^[101]

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